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Microsoft also produces an integrated development environment for. NET software called Visual Studio. NET Framework began as proprietary software , although the firm worked to standardize the software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite the standardization efforts, developers, mainly those in the free and open-source software communities, expressed their unease with the selected terms and the prospects of any free and open-source implementation, especially regarding software patents.
Since then, Microsoft has changed. NET development to more closely follow a contemporary model of a community-developed software project, including issuing an update to its patent promising to address the concerns.
In April , Microsoft released. NET Framework 4. Only monthly security and reliability bug fixes to that version have been released since then. No further changes to that version are planned. Microsoft began developing. NET strategy.
By early , the first beta versions of. NET 1. The firms agreed to meet these terms, and to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did not apply to the part of the. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.
On October 3, , Microsoft announced that the source code for. NET Framework 3. NET Compact Framework and. NET Micro Framework variants of the. Silverlight provided support for web browsers via plug-ins. In November , Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends the scope beyond its prior pledges.
Prior projects like Mono existed in a legal grey area because Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to the technology in "covered specifications", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA and ECMA The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any.
This allows Mono and other projects to maintain feature parity with modern. NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published without being at risk of patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new grant does maintain the restriction that any implementation must maintain minimum compliance with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.
On March 31, , Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build that they will completely relicense Mono under an MIT License even in scenarios where formerly a commercial license was needed. NET Foundation. These developments followed the acquisition of Xamarin , which began in February and was finished on March 18, Microsoft's press release highlights that the cross-platform commitment now allows for a fully open-source, modern server-side. NET stack.
Common Language Infrastructure CLI provides a language-neutral platform for application development and execution. By implementing the core aspects of. NET Framework within the scope of CLI, these functions will not be tied to one language but will be available across the many languages supported by the framework. It serves as the execution engine of. NET Framework and offers many services such as memory management , type safety , exception handling , garbage collection , security and thread management.
All programs written for. Each assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain a manifest bearing the metadata for the assembly. The complete name of an assembly not to be confused with the file name on disk contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and public key token.
Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same complete name. A private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming. The public key token identifies which private key an assembly is signed with. Only the creator of the key pair typically the person signing the assembly can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a prior version assembly, since the creator possesses the private key. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to Global Assembly Cache.
Starting with Visual Studio ,. NET Native compilation technology allows for the compilation of. Most of the built-in application programming interfaces APIs are part of either System. These class libraries implement many common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document manipulation.
The class libraries are available for all CLI compliant languages. BCL classes are available in. NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations including. NET Core and Mono. FCL refers to the entire class library that ships with.
With the introduction of alternative implementations e. With the further proliferation of. NET platforms are encouraged to implement a version of the standard library allowing them to re-use extant third-party libraries to run without new versions of them.
NET Standard Library allows an independent evolution of the library and app model layers within the. NET architecture. NuGet is the package manager for all. NET platforms. It is used to retrieve third-party libraries into a. NET project with a global library feed at NuGet. NET decompilers such as. NET Reflector reveal only the managed code. Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications,. NET Framework provides means to access functions implemented in newer and older programs that execute outside.
NET environment. InteropServices and System. Enterprise Services namespaces of the framework. Access to. Interoperability enables you to preserve and take advantage of existing investments in unmanaged code. Code that runs under the control of the common language runtime CLR is called managed code, and code that runs outside the CLR is called unmanaged code.
Because of this feature,. NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming. NET language. NET Framework also enforce type safety. This prevents ill-defined casts, wrong method invocations, and memory size issues when accessing an object.
This also makes most CLI languages statically typed with or without type inference. However, starting with. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.
CAS is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically the evidence is the source of the assembly whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from the Internet. CAS uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other codes can demand that calling code be granted a specified permission.
The demand causes CLR to perform a call stack walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission; if any assembly is not granted the permission a security exception is thrown.
Managed CIL bytecode is easier to reverse-engineer than native code, unless obfuscated. NET decompiler programs enable developers with no reverse-engineering skills to view the source code behind unobfuscated. NET assemblies. In contrast, apps compiled to native machine code are much harder to reverse-engineer, and source code is almost never produced successfully, mainly because of compiler optimizations and lack of reflection.
NET since Labs , Turbo , and Red Gate Software. Method-level encryption tools for. NET code are available from vendors such as SafeNet. CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory allocating and freeing up when done ; it handles memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed.
Instantiations of. As long as a reference to an object exists, which may be either direct, or via a graph of objects, the object is considered to be in use.
When no reference to an object exists, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage, eligible for collection. NET Framework includes a garbage collector GC which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them.
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